by Elisa Garfagna
Throughout history, the rise of dictators and charismatic figures has often represented a response to deep crises and radical changes in social, economic, and political structures. These leaders emerge during times when populations, disoriented and dissatisfied, seek a strong and decisive guide. The specific causes behind such dynamics are manifold and interconnected.
One of the primary factors is political instability. Contexts characterized by weak or corrupt governments create ideal conditions for the emergence of authoritarian leaders. When institutions lose the trust of the masses, often due to internal conflicts or wars, populations tend to seek quick and decisive solutions. Germany in the 1930s, devastated by its defeat in World War I and the punitive conditions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles, serves as an emblematic example. In that context, Adolf Hitler presented himself as the man capable of lifting the nation out of chaos.
Economic crises are another essential driver of dictators’ rise. Widespread poverty, unemployment, and rampant inflation create fertile ground for promises of radical change. Mussolini in Italy, for instance, exploited the discontent generated by post-war economic difficulties and the “mutilated victory” to consolidate his power.
Social fears and perceived threats also play a decisive role. Collective fears, fueled by external or internal threats, often push populations to support leaders who promise security and stability. During the Cold War, numerous authoritarian regimes emerged precisely in response to the fear of communism or, conversely, the fear of Western imperialism. These leaders often justified their absolute power by claiming the necessity of protecting the nation from real or imagined enemies (e.g., the Jews).
A recurring element is the manipulation of national identity. Dictators and charismatic figures exploit the sense of collective belonging to consolidate their power. Through sophisticated use of propaganda, they celebrate a nation’s history, culture, and traditions, often contrasting them with external or internal “enemies.” This approach was central to the rise of leaders like Francisco Franco in Spain, who used nationalism as a tool to unify the country under his rule.
Another fundamental aspect is the personal charisma of these leaders, their ability to captivate the masses through refined oratory techniques, combined with media control. Many dictators, such as Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini, were skilled orators who mobilized the masses with inspiring speeches and dominant stage presence. At the same time, their control of the media allowed them to shape public opinion and suppress dissent.
The role of elites and the military cannot be overlooked. Many dictators came to power with the support of influential groups who saw them as a bulwark against chaos or revolutionary change. This is evident in the case of Pinochet in Chile, whose coup d’état was supported by influential sectors of society and foreign governments concerned about the rise of socialism in the region.
Finally, geopolitical influence and external interference often serve as key factors. During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union supported authoritarian regimes that aligned their policies with the interests of the respective superpowers. These interventions frequently helped maintain despotic leaders in power.
As George Orwell said: “History is written by the victors, but liberty is often the first price of victory.”